Linux Serverlarga Postgresql o'rnatish

Kirish

PostgreSQL, shuningdek, Postgres nomi bilan ham tanilgan, kengaytirilishi(extensibility) va SQL muvofiqligini(compliance) ta'kidlaydigan bepul va open source relational database management system (RDBMS).

U dastlab Berkeley Kaliforniya universitetida ishlab chiqilgan Ingres ma'lumotlar bazasining vorisi sifatida kelib chiqishiga ishora qilib, POSTGRES deb nomlangan. 1996 yilda loyiha SQL-ni qo'llab-quvvatlashini aks ettirish uchun PostgreSQL deb o'zgartirildi. 2007 yilda ko'rib chiqilgandan so'ng, ishlab chiqish guruhi PostgreSQL nomini va Postgres taxallusini saqlab qolishga qaror qildi.

PostgreSQL atomiklik(atomicity), mustahkamlik(consistency), izolyatsiya(isolation), chidamlilik(durability) (ACID) xususiyatlari, avtomatik yangilanadigan viewlar, materiallashtirilgan viewlar, triggerlar, tashqi kalitlar va saqlangan protseduralar bilan operatsiyalarni o'z ichiga oladi.

U bitta mashinadan tortib ma'lumotlar ombori yoki bir vaqtning o'zida ko'plab foydalanuvchilar bilan veb-xizmatlarigacha bo'lgan bir qator ish yuklarini boshqarish uchun mo'ljallangan. Bu macOS Server uchun standart ma'lumotlar bazasi edi va Linux, FreeBSD, OpenBSD va Windows uchun ham mavjud.

Ubuntu serverlarga Postgres o'rnatish

1-> PostgreSQL Apt Repository

Agar Ubuntu versiyangizga kiritilgan versiya siz xohlagan versiya bo'lmasa, PostgreSQL Apt Repository dan foydalanishingiz mumkin. Ushbu repositoriya sizning oddiy tizimlaringiz va patch management bilan integratsiyalanadi va PostgreSQL-ni qo'llab-quvvatlash muddati davomida PostgreSQL-ning barcha qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan versiyalari uchun avtomatik yangilanishlarni ta'minlaydi.

PostgreSQL Apt Repository Ubuntuning joriy versiyalarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi:

• kinetic (22.10, LTS bo'lmagan)
• jammy (22.04, LTS)
• focal (20.04, LTS)
• bionic (18.04, LTS)

quyidagi arxitekturalar bo'yicha:

• amd64
• arm64 (18.04 va undan yangiroq; faqat LTS versiyalari)
• i386 (18.04 va undan katta)
• ppc64el (faqat LTS versiyalarida)

Apt Repositorydan foydalanib PostgreSQL-ni o'rnatish:

sudo apt install curl ca-certificates
sudo install -d /usr/share/postgresql-common/pgdg
sudo curl -o /usr/share/postgresql-common/pgdg/apt.postgresql.org.asc --fail https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/postgresql-common/pgdg/apt.postgresql.org.asc] https://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt $(lsb_release -cs)-pgdg main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list'
sudo apt update
sudo apt -y install postgresql

Debian serverlarga Postgres o'rnatish

PostgreSQL apt repository Debianning hozirda qo'llab-quvvatlanadigan barqaror versiyalarini qo'llab-quvvatlaydi:

• bookworm (12.x)
• bullseye (11.x)
• buster (10.x)
• sid (unstable)

quyidagi arxitekturalar bo'yicha:

• amd64
• arm64
• i386 (buster va undan keyingilar)
• ppc64el

Postgresqlni Debianga o'rnatish quyidagicha:

sudo apt install curl ca-certificates
sudo install -d /usr/share/postgresql-common/pgdg
sudo curl -o /usr/share/postgresql-common/pgdg/apt.postgresql.org.asc --fail https://www.postgresql.org/media/keys/ACCC4CF8.asc
sudo sh -c 'echo "deb [signed-by=/usr/share/postgresql-common/pgdg/apt.postgresql.org.asc] https://apt.postgresql.org/pub/repos/apt $(lsb_release -cs)-pgdg main" > /etc/apt/sources.list.d/pgdg.list'
sudo apt update
sudo apt -y install postgresql

Redhat oilasiga mansub linux serverlar

Red Hat distributivlar oilasiga quyidagilar kiradi:

• Red Hat Enterprise Linux
• Rocky Linux
• CentOS (faqat 7 va 6)
• Fedora
• Oracle Linux

Red Hat Enterprise, CentOS, Scientific yoki Oracle version 6(x86_64)

sudo yum install -y https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms/EL-6-x86_64/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm
sudo yum install -y postgresql16-server
sudo service postgresql-16 initdb
sudo chkconfig postgresql-16 on
sudo service postgresql-16 start

Red Hat Enterprise, CentOS, Scientific yoki Oracle version 7(x86_64)

sudo yum install -y https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms/EL-7-x86_64/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm
sudo yum install -y postgresql16-server
sudo /usr/pgsql-16/bin/postgresql-16-setup initdb
sudo systemctl enable postgresql-16
sudo systemctl start postgresql-16

Red Hat Enterprise, Rocky, Almalinux yoki Oracle version 8(x86_64)

sudo dnf install -y https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms/EL-8-x86_64/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm
sudo dnf -qy module disable postgresql
sudo dnf install -y postgresql16-server
sudo /usr/pgsql-16/bin/postgresql-16-setup initdb
sudo systemctl enable postgresql-16
sudo systemctl start postgresql-16

Red Hat Enterprise, Rocky, Almalinux yoki Oracle version 9(x86_64)

sudo dnf install -y https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms/EL-9-x86_64/pgdg-redhat-repo-latest.noarch.rpm
sudo dnf -qy module disable postgresql
sudo dnf install -y postgresql16-server
sudo /usr/pgsql-16/bin/postgresql-16-setup initdb
sudo systemctl enable postgresql-16
sudo systemctl start postgresql-16

Fedora 38(x86_64)

sudo dnf install -y https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms/F-38-x86_64/pgdg-fedora-repo-latest.noarch.rpm
sudo dnf install -y postgresql16-server
sudo /usr/pgsql-16/bin/postgresql-16-setup initdb
sudo systemctl enable postgresql-16
sudo systemctl start postgresql-16

Fedora 39(x86_64)

sudo dnf install -y https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms/F-39-x86_64/pgdg-fedora-repo-latest.noarch.rpm
sudo dnf install -y postgresql16-server
sudo /usr/pgsql-16/bin/postgresql-16-setup initdb
sudo systemctl enable postgresql-16
sudo systemctl start postgresql-16

Fedora 40(x86_64)

sudo dnf install -y https://download.postgresql.org/pub/repos/yum/reporpms/F-40-x86_64/pgdg-fedora-repo-latest.noarch.rpm
sudo dnf install -y postgresql16-server
sudo /usr/pgsql-16/bin/postgresql-16-setup initdb
sudo systemctl enable postgresql-16
sudo systemctl start postgresql-16

PostgreSQL rolelari va databasedan foydalanish

Postgresql o'rnatganingizdan keyin uni serveringizda ishga tushirib statusini ko'rishingiz kerak

sudo systemctl start postgresql.service
sudo systemctl enable postgresql.service
sudo systemctl status postgresql.service

Odatda, Postgres autentifikatsiya va avtorizatsiyani boshqarish uchun "roles" deb nomlangan tushunchadan foydalanadi. Bular qaysidir ma'noda Unix uslubidagi oddiy foydalanuvchilar va guruhlarga o'xshaydi.

O'rnatishdan so'ng Postgres identifikatsiyadan foydalanish uchun o'rnatiladi, ya'ni u Postgres rollarini mos keladigan Unix/Linux tizimi hisobi bilan bog'laydi. Agar Postgres ichida rol mavjud bo'lsa, xuddi shu nomga ega Unix/Linux foydalanuvchi nomi ushbu rol sifatida tizimga kirishi mumkin.

O'rnatish jarayoni standart Postgres roli bilan bog'langan postgres deb nomlangan foydalanuvchi hisobini yaratdi. Sizda default postgres useri bo'ladi. Postgres-ga kirish uchun ushbu hisobdan foydalanishning bir necha yo'li mavjud. Buning bir usuli - quyidagi buyruqni ishga tushirish orqali serveringizdagi postgres useriga o'tish:

sudo -i -u postgres

Keyin Postgres promptga quyidagi yo'llar bilan kirishingiz mumkin:

psql

Bu sizni PostgreSQL promptga kiritadi va shu yerdan siz darhol ma'lumotlar bazasini boshqarish tizimi bilan o'zaro aloqada bo'lishingiz mumkin ya'ni SQL querylar bilan database bialn bemalol ishlay olasiz. PostgreSQL promptdan chiqish uchun quyidagi buyruqlardan foydalanasiz:

postgres=# \q

Bu sizni postgres Linux command promptga qaytaradi. Oddiy tizim foydalanuvchisiga qaytish uchun exit buyrug'ini bajaring:

postgres@server:~$ exit

Postgres promptga ulanishning yana bir usuli - psql buyrug'ini postgres useri sifatida to'g'ridan-to'g'ri sudo bilan ishga tushirish:

sudo -u postgres psql

Bu sizni to'g'ridan-to'g'ri Postgres-ga o'rtada vositachi bash shellsiz kiradi.

Shunga qaramay, interaktiv Postgres seansidan quyidagi amallarni bajarish orqali chiqishingiz mumkin:

postgres=# \q

PostgreSQL sozlash

1-> PostgreSQL o'rnatilganda default postgres user bilan parolsiz keladi. Xavfsizlik uchun postgres userga password qo'yib olamiz.

sudo -u postgres psql
ALTER USER postgres WITH PASSWORD 'meningparolcham129c';
\q

2-> Postgresql o'rnatilgan servermizga tashqi ulanishlarni yoqib chiqamiz.

Birinchi navbatda postgresql.conf kondiguratsiyadan listen_addresses qatorini izohdan chiqarib localhost o'rniga * qo'yib qo'yamiz yani barcha IP lar uchun.

sudo nano /etc/postgresql/16/main/postgresql.conf

# - Connection Settings -
#listen_addresses = 'localhost'         # what IP address(es) to listen on;
                                        # comma-separated list of addresses;
                                        # defaults to 'localhost'; use '*' for all
                                        # (change requires restart)
port = 5432                             # (change requires restart)
max_connections = 100                   # (change requires restart)
#reserved_connections = 0               # (change requires restart)
#superuser_reserved_connections = 3     # (change requires restart)
unix_socket_directories = '/var/run/postgresql' # comma-separated list of directories
                                        # (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_group = ''                 # (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_permissions = 0777         # begin with 0 to use octal notation

Quyidagicha o'zgartiramiz.

# - Connection Settings -
listen_addresses = '*'         # what IP address(es) to listen on;
                                        # comma-separated list of addresses;
                                        # defaults to 'localhost'; use '*' for all
                                        # (change requires restart)
port = 5432                             # (change requires restart)
max_connections = 100                   # (change requires restart)
#reserved_connections = 0               # (change requires restart)
#superuser_reserved_connections = 3     # (change requires restart)
unix_socket_directories = '/var/run/postgresql' # comma-separated list of directories
                                        # (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_group = ''                 # (change requires restart)
#unix_socket_permissions = 0777         # begin with 0 to use octal notation

O'zgarishlarni saqlab chiqamiz.

3-> pg_hba.conf konfiguratsiyamizga quyidagi konfiguratsiyani qo'shib qo'yamiz.

sudo nano /etc/postgresql/16/main/pg_hba.conf

# Database administrative login by Unix domain socket
local   all             postgres                                peer
# TYPE  DATABASE        USER            ADDRESS                 METHOD
# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
local   all             all                                     peer
# IPv4 local connections:
host    all             all             127.0.0.1/32            scram-sha-256
# IPv6 local connections:
host    all             all             ::1/128                 scram-sha-256
# Allow replication connections from localhost, by a user with the
# replication privilege.
local   replication     all                                     peer
host    replication     all             127.0.0.1/32            scram-sha-256
host    replication     all             ::1/128                 scram-sha-256

Konfiguratsiyamizga quyidagi konfiglarni qo'shamiz.

# Database administrative login by Unix domain socket
local   all             postgres                                peer
# TYPE  DATABASE        USER            ADDRESS                 METHOD
# "local" is for Unix domain socket connections only
local   all             all                                     peer
# IPv4 local connections:
host    all             all             127.0.0.1/32            scram-sha-256
# IPv6 local connections:
host    all             all             ::1/128                 scram-sha-256
# Allow replication connections from localhost, by a user with the
# replication privilege.
local   replication     all                                     peer
host    replication     all             127.0.0.1/32            scram-sha-256
host    replication     all             ::1/128                 scram-sha-256
host    all             all              0.0.0.0/0              md5
host    all             all              ::/0                   md5

4-> Ushbu konfiguratsiyada barcha iplar ushbu Postgresql bazaga ulanishi kiritilgan. Konfiglarni qo'shib chiqganimizdan keyin o'zgarishlarni saqlab postgresqlga restart beramiz.

sudo systemctl restart postgresql
sudo systemctl status postgresql

PostgreSQLga restart berganimizdan keyin postgresql databazaga tashqaridan ulana olamiz.

Yangi rol yaratish

Agar siz postgres useri sifatida kirgan bo'lsangiz, quyidagi buyruqni ishga tushirish orqali yangi rol yaratishingiz mumkin:

postgres@server:~$ createuser --interactive

Buning o'rniga userga kirib keyin ishlamasdan har bir buyruq uchun sudo dan foydalanishni afzal ko'rsangiz, quyidagilarni bajaring:

sudo -u postgres createuser --interactive

Qanday bo'lmasin, script sizni ba'zi tanlovlar bilan taklif qiladi va sizning javoblaringizga asoslanib, spetsifikatsiyalaringizga mos foydalanuvchi(user) yaratish uchun to'g'ri Postgres buyruqlarini bajaring.

Enter name of role to add: asilbek
Shall the new role be a superuser? (y/n) y

Yangi database yaratish

Postgres autentifikatsiya tizimi standart bo'yicha amalga oshiradigan yana bir taxmin shundan iboratki, tizimga kirish uchun ishlatiladigan har qanday rol uchun ushbu rol o'zi kirishi mumkin bo'lgan bir xil nomdagi ma'lumotlar bazasiga ega bo'ladi. Yani postgres useri bo'lsa uni postgres nomli databasesi bo'ladi asilbek useri bo'lsa asilbek databasesi bo'lishi kerak.

Bu shuni anglatadiki, agar siz oxirgi bo'limda yaratgan foydalanuvchi asilbek deb nomlangan bo'lsa, bu rol standart bo'yicha asilbek deb ataladigan databasega ulanishga harakat qiladi. createdb buyrug'i bilan tegishli ma'lumotlar bazasini yaratishingiz mumkin.

Agar siz postgres user sifatida tizimga kirgan bo'lsangiz, quyidagi buyruqlarni yozasiz:

postgres@server:~$ createdb asilbek

postgres user bilan kirmasdan oddiy sudo bilan kirish uchun quyidagi buyruqni yozasiz:

sudo -u postgres createdb asilbek

Yangi role bilan PostgreSQL Promptni ochish

Identifikatsiyaga asoslangan autentifikatsiya bilan tizimga kirish uchun sizga Postgres rolingiz va ma'lumotlar bazasi bilan bir xil nomga ega Linux useri kerak bo'ladi.

Agar sizda mos keladigan Linux useri(foydalanuvchisi) bo'lmasa, uni adduser buyrug'i bilan yaratishingiz mumkin. Buni sudo imtiyozlari bilan root bo'lmagan useringizdan qilishingiz kerak bo'ladi (ya'ni postgres foydalanuvchisi sifatida tizimga kirmagan):

sudo adduser asilbek

Ushbu yangi user mavjud bo'lgandan so'ng, siz quyidagini ishga tushirish orqali ma'lumotlar bazasiga o'tishingiz va ulanishingiz mumkin

sudo -i -u asilbek
psql

Yoki buni bir qator buyruq bilan kirishingiz mumkin:

sudo -u asilbek psql

Ushbu buyruq barcha komponentlar to'g'ri sozlangan bo'lsa, avtomatik ravishda tizimga kiradi.

Agar siz userchining boshqa ma'lumotlar bazasiga ulanishini istasangiz, buni quyidagi kabi ma'lumotlar bazasini belgilash orqali qilishingiz mumkin:

psql -d postgres

Tizimga kirganingizdan so'ng siz joriy ulanish ma'lumotlarini tekshirishingiz mumkin:

asilbek=# \conninfo

Siz quyidagicha chiqishni ko'rishingiz kerak:

You are connected to database "asilbek" as user "asilbek" via socket in "/var/run/postgresql" at port "5432".

Qo'shimcha